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{
THE LATE BRONZE AGE SHIPWRECK AT ULUBURUN
1. Bass 1986; Bass, Pulak, Collon & Weinstein 1989; Pulak 1988; Pulak 1990; Pulak 1997; Pulak 1998; Pulak & Bass 1992; Gates 1994, 258-60; Gates 1995, 223-25; Gates 1996, 304-306. Additionally, yearly progress reports have appeared in The Institute of Nautical Archaeology Quarterly (Institute of Nautical Archaeology Newsletter prior to 1992) and the Proceedings of the International Symposium of Excavations vols. 7-17 (Ankara, Turkey), vols. 10-17 in Turkish.
2. Re-examination of a small piece of cedar from the shipwreck has revealed an additional faint ring, which now places the last observable ring at 1305 B. C. As there is no bark preserved on this the piece in question, there is no way of knowing whether the latest observable ring on the piece represents the original exterior of the tree, but because the timber is not in any way modified by human agency, any missing rings would have resulted from attrition by sand and water during the course of 3,300 years. As the timber in question was probably intended for use as dunnage or firewood, its deliberate seasoning for extended periods would be meaningless. For this reason, it would not be unreasonable to assume that the Uluburun ship sank sometime shortly after 1305 B. C., perhaps around 1300 B. C.
3. A small number of stone anchors have been found in the Aegean and in the western Mediterranean, but they are usually much smaller than those from Uluburun or are of the composite type with three holes, rather than the single-holed weight type like those recovered from the Uluburun ship. Stone anchors from the Aegean are conveniently compiled in Wachsmann 1998, 279-83; for Italy and Sardinia, see: Lo Schiavo 1995. Petrographic studies of two anchors from Kommos, Crete indicate that they were probably made of stone originating either in Cyprus or Syria (Shaw 1995).
4. Peter I. Kuniholm of the Malcolm Wiener Laboratory for Aegean and Near eastern Dendrochronology at Cornell University identified the hull wood, which was later confirmed by Werner Schoch at the Swiss Federal Forestry Research Institute in Zürich.
Table
1.
Dimensions of mortise-and-tenon joints of Bronze Age and Grace-Roman ships
of ca. 15 meters in length. The values listed below were compiled from published
references indicated with each entry and also from other non-cited sources.
Where a range of dimensions were given, they have been averaged expressly
for the purpose of simplifying comparisons and are not intended as definitive
values representing the specifics of each shipwreck.
|
Shipwreck |
Date (B.C.) |
Length (m) |
Plank Thickness |
Tenon Spacing |
Tenon Dimensions (L x W x Th) |
Peg Diameter |
|
Uluburuna |
ca. 1300 |
15 |
6 |
21 |
30 x 6.2 x 1.6 |
2.2 |
|
Cape Gelidonyab |
ca. 1200 |
10 |
? |
? |
ca. 24 x 5.3 x 1.3 |
1.8 |
|
Ma’agan Michaelc |
ca. 400 |
13.4 |
4 |
12 |
14 x 4.5 x 0.6 |
0.9 |
|
Kyreniad |
ca. 300 |
15 |
3.6 |
12 |
15-20 x 4.3 x 0.6 |
0.6 |
|
Cheritienne Ce |
ca. 175-150 |
15-16 |
3-3.5 |
12 |
8-16 x 3-5.5 x 0.65 |
0.8 |
|
Apollonia If |
ca. 150-100 |
15 |
3 |
? |
16 x 6 x 1 |
1.1 |
|
Cavalièreg |
ca. 100 |
13 |
3 |
11 |
12-13 x 6 x 0.6 |
0.9 |
|
Miladouh |
ca. 100-50 |
15 |
2.5 |
9-13 |
12-15 x 6-7 x 0.65 |
? |
|
Lourans 2i |
ca. A.D. 100 |
15 |
2.5 |
12 |
12-13 x 6 x 0.4 |
0.9 |
aBass 1985, 25; Steffy 1994, 37.
bBass 1967, 50-51.
cLinder 1992, 34; Steffy 1994, 40-41.
dSteffy 1994, 43-48.
eJoncheray 1975, 58-59, 68.
fLong 1992, 73-74.
gCharlin, Gassend & Lequément 1979, 67.
hDumontier & Joncheray 1992, 131-37.
iGassend, Liou & Ximénès 1985, 91.
All non-Bronze Age sites also given in Fitzgerald 1995, 125-27.
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